pág. 5207
OCCUPATIONAL PROTECTION IN OIL
EXPLOITATION: A COMPARATIVE LOOK ON
COLOMBIA AND ECUADOR
PROTECCIÓN OCUPACIONAL EN LA EXPLOTACIÓN
PETROLERA: UNA MIRADA COMPARATIVA SOBRE
COLOMBIA Y ECUADOR
Herminio Pabón Trujillo
Corporación Universitaria Minuto de Dios
Sergio Andrés Rojas Páez
Corporación Universitaria Minuto de Dios
Yurmarly Quintero Suárez
Corporación Universitaria Minuto de Dios
Diego José Maldona
Universidad Simón Bolívar
Margarita Rosa Triana Sánchez
Universidad Simón Bolívar
Miguel Eduardo Posada
Universidad Simón Bolívar
pág. 5208
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37811/cl_rcm.v9i2.17283
Occupational protection in oil exploitation: a comparative look on
Colombia and Ecuador
Herminio Pabón Trujillo1
herminio.pabon.t@uniminuto.edu.co
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5636-4813
Corporación Universitaria Minuto de Dios
Colombia- Cúcuta
Sergio Andrés Rojas Páez
sergio.rojas-p@uniminuto.edu.co
https://orcid.org/0009-0003-8447-9257
Corporación Universitaria Minuto de Dios
Colombia- Cúcuta
Yurmarly Quintero Suárez
yurmarly.quintero@uniminuto.edu.co
https://orcid.org/0009-0007-5790-2098
Corporación Universitaria Minuto de Dios
Colombia- Cúcuta
Diego José Maldona
diego.maldonadob@unisimon.edu.co
https://orcid.org/0009-0006-2703-4560
Universidad Simón Bolívar
Colombia-Cúcuta
Margarita Rosa Triana Sánchez
margarita.triana@unisiomon.edu.co
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8775-7510
Universidad Simón Bolívar
Colombia- Cúcuta
Miguel Eduardo Posada
miguel.posadah@unisimon.edu.co
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8918-1770
Universidad Simón Bolívar
Colombia-Cúcuta
ABSTRACT
The main objective of this research is to conduct an in-depth review of the fundamental aspects that
guarantee occupational health in the oil industries of Colombia and Ecuador. Both countries have seen
significant growth in this sector, which has significantly contributed to the development of their
economies and the reduction of poverty rates. In this context, the study will focus on a systematic
analysis of the legal regulations, national laws, and international conventions that govern occupational
safety within this industry. Additionally, it will examine the strategies and measures adopted to protect
both the physical integrity and emotional well-being of workers, as well as the main challenges they
face on a daily basis. Specific objective: The central objective is to identify the guidelines established
by each country regarding occupational safety, in order to understand how healthy work environments
are fostered through policies aimed at comprehensive worker care. Ultimately, it seeks to recognize
how these standards and actions contribute to the creation of safe and responsible work environments
throughout the oil sector's production chain. Methodology: To achieve these objectives, a
methodology based on a bibliographic review will be used, with a rigorous and systematic approach.
Reliable documentary sources published in the last five years will be consulted, using relevant
keywords in both Spanish and other languages. This will provide a broad, up-to-date, and international
perspective on the topic. Expected results: It is expected to identify that both Colombia and Ecuador
have robust legal frameworks that support safety and health in the workplace in the oil industry. These
regulations not only establish clear responsibilities for employers and workers but also reflect an
institutional commitment to creating safe, healthy, and humane working conditions. As companies
regulated by the State, they are required to comply with these legal frameworks, thus contributing to
the overall well-being of their employees.
Keywords: oil industry, safety, labor, well-being, occupational safety
1 Autor principal
Correspondencia: herminio.pabon.t@uniminuto.edu.co
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37811/cl_rcm.v9i2.17283
Occupational protection in oil exploitation: a comparative look on
Colombia and Ecuador
Herminio Pabón Trujillo1
herminio.pabon.t@uniminuto.edu.co
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5636-4813
Corporación Universitaria Minuto de Dios
Colombia- Cúcuta
Sergio Andrés Rojas Páez
sergio.rojas-p@uniminuto.edu.co
https://orcid.org/0009-0003-8447-9257
Corporación Universitaria Minuto de Dios
Colombia- Cúcuta
Yurmarly Quintero Suárez
yurmarly.quintero@uniminuto.edu.co
https://orcid.org/0009-0007-5790-2098
Corporación Universitaria Minuto de Dios
Colombia- Cúcuta
Diego José Maldona
diego.maldonadob@unisimon.edu.co
https://orcid.org/0009-0006-2703-4560
Universidad Simón Bolívar
Colombia-Cúcuta
Margarita Rosa Triana Sánchez
margarita.triana@unisiomon.edu.co
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8775-7510
Universidad Simón Bolívar
Colombia- Cúcuta
Miguel Eduardo Posada
miguel.posadah@unisimon.edu.co
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8918-1770
Universidad Simón Bolívar
Colombia-Cúcuta
ABSTRACT
The main objective of this research is to conduct an in-depth review of the fundamental aspects that
guarantee occupational health in the oil industries of Colombia and Ecuador. Both countries have seen
significant growth in this sector, which has significantly contributed to the development of their
economies and the reduction of poverty rates. In this context, the study will focus on a systematic
analysis of the legal regulations, national laws, and international conventions that govern occupational
safety within this industry. Additionally, it will examine the strategies and measures adopted to protect
both the physical integrity and emotional well-being of workers, as well as the main challenges they
face on a daily basis. Specific objective: The central objective is to identify the guidelines established
by each country regarding occupational safety, in order to understand how healthy work environments
are fostered through policies aimed at comprehensive worker care. Ultimately, it seeks to recognize
how these standards and actions contribute to the creation of safe and responsible work environments
throughout the oil sector's production chain. Methodology: To achieve these objectives, a
methodology based on a bibliographic review will be used, with a rigorous and systematic approach.
Reliable documentary sources published in the last five years will be consulted, using relevant
keywords in both Spanish and other languages. This will provide a broad, up-to-date, and international
perspective on the topic. Expected results: It is expected to identify that both Colombia and Ecuador
have robust legal frameworks that support safety and health in the workplace in the oil industry. These
regulations not only establish clear responsibilities for employers and workers but also reflect an
institutional commitment to creating safe, healthy, and humane working conditions. As companies
regulated by the State, they are required to comply with these legal frameworks, thus contributing to
the overall well-being of their employees.
Keywords: oil industry, safety, labor, well-being, occupational safety
1 Autor principal
Correspondencia: herminio.pabon.t@uniminuto.edu.co
pág. 5209
Protección ocupacional en la explotación petrolera: una mirada
comparativa sobre Colombia y Ecuador
RESUMEN
El Objetivo principal de la investigación tiene como propósito realizar una revisión profunda sobre los
aspectos fundamentales que garantizan la salud laboral en la industria petrolera de Colombia y
Ecuador. Ambos países han visto un crecimiento importante en este sector, lo que ha contribuido
significativamente al desarrollo de sus economías y a la disminución de los índices de pobreza. En este
contexto, el estudio se enfocará en analizar de manera sistemática las normativas legales, leyes
nacionales y convenios internacionales que regulan la seguridad en el trabajo dentro de esta industria.
Además, se examinarán las estrategias y medidas adoptadas para proteger tanto la integridad física
como el bienestar emocional de los trabajadores, así como los principales desafíos a los que se
enfrentan en su día a día. Objetivo específico: El objetivo central es identificar los lineamientos
establecidos por cada país en materia de seguridad ocupacional, con el fin de comprender cómo se
fomentan ambientes laborales saludables a través de políticas orientadas al cuidado integral del
trabajador. En definitiva, se busca reconocer cómo estas normas y acciones contribuyen a la creación
de entornos laborales seguros y responsables en toda la cadena productiva del sector petrolero.
Metodología: Para alcanzar estos objetivos, se empleará una metodología basada en la revisión
bibliográfica, con un enfoque riguroso y sistemático. Se consultarán fuentes documentales confiables
publicadas en los últimos cinco años, utilizando palabras clave relevantes tanto en español como en
otros idiomas. Esto permitirá obtener una perspectiva amplia, actualizada y con enfoque internacional
sobre el tema. Resultados esperados: Se espera identificar que tanto Colombia como Ecuador cuentan
con marcos legales robustos que respaldan la seguridad y salud en el entorno laboral de la industria
petrolera. Estas normativas no solo establecen responsabilidades claras para empleadores y
trabajadores, sino que también reflejan un compromiso institucional con la creación de condiciones
laborales seguras, saludables y respetuosas del ser humano. Al tratarse de empresas reguladas por el
Estado, están obligadas a cumplir con estos marcos legales, contribuyendo así al bienestar integral de
sus colaboradores.
Palabras clave: petrolera, seguridad, laboral, bienestar, seguridad, sector petrolero
Artículo recibido: 7 marzo 2025
Aceptado para publicación: 15 abril 2025
Protección ocupacional en la explotación petrolera: una mirada
comparativa sobre Colombia y Ecuador
RESUMEN
El Objetivo principal de la investigación tiene como propósito realizar una revisión profunda sobre los
aspectos fundamentales que garantizan la salud laboral en la industria petrolera de Colombia y
Ecuador. Ambos países han visto un crecimiento importante en este sector, lo que ha contribuido
significativamente al desarrollo de sus economías y a la disminución de los índices de pobreza. En este
contexto, el estudio se enfocará en analizar de manera sistemática las normativas legales, leyes
nacionales y convenios internacionales que regulan la seguridad en el trabajo dentro de esta industria.
Además, se examinarán las estrategias y medidas adoptadas para proteger tanto la integridad física
como el bienestar emocional de los trabajadores, así como los principales desafíos a los que se
enfrentan en su día a día. Objetivo específico: El objetivo central es identificar los lineamientos
establecidos por cada país en materia de seguridad ocupacional, con el fin de comprender cómo se
fomentan ambientes laborales saludables a través de políticas orientadas al cuidado integral del
trabajador. En definitiva, se busca reconocer cómo estas normas y acciones contribuyen a la creación
de entornos laborales seguros y responsables en toda la cadena productiva del sector petrolero.
Metodología: Para alcanzar estos objetivos, se empleará una metodología basada en la revisión
bibliográfica, con un enfoque riguroso y sistemático. Se consultarán fuentes documentales confiables
publicadas en los últimos cinco años, utilizando palabras clave relevantes tanto en español como en
otros idiomas. Esto permitirá obtener una perspectiva amplia, actualizada y con enfoque internacional
sobre el tema. Resultados esperados: Se espera identificar que tanto Colombia como Ecuador cuentan
con marcos legales robustos que respaldan la seguridad y salud en el entorno laboral de la industria
petrolera. Estas normativas no solo establecen responsabilidades claras para empleadores y
trabajadores, sino que también reflejan un compromiso institucional con la creación de condiciones
laborales seguras, saludables y respetuosas del ser humano. Al tratarse de empresas reguladas por el
Estado, están obligadas a cumplir con estos marcos legales, contribuyendo así al bienestar integral de
sus colaboradores.
Palabras clave: petrolera, seguridad, laboral, bienestar, seguridad, sector petrolero
Artículo recibido: 7 marzo 2025
Aceptado para publicación: 15 abril 2025
pág. 5210
INTRODUCTION
This documentary research seeks to analyze the key factors that promote occupational wellbeing and
the creation of healthy work environments within the oil sector, an industry of great economic and
social impact in both Colombia and Ecuador. Through a comparative exercise between the two
countries, the aim is to examine how occupational safety issues are addressed and what actions have
been implemented to protect the health of workers. To this end, laws, decrees, norms, agreements and
other related regulations will be reviewed in order to understand how these measures are applied in
practice within such a demanding and strategic industry. In the case of Colombia, the oil sector
represents one of the main sources of income for the country and is an important driver of employment
generation. Beyond the economic figures, this industry offers direct and indirect job opportunities to
more than 200,000 Colombian families. Companies operating in this field must abide by a series of
local regulations aimed precisely at protecting the health and well-being of their workers. Ecuador, for
its part, also depends to a large extent on the oil industry, which is an important pillar of its Gross
Domestic Product (GDP). Although data are not fully comparable with those of Colombia, it is
recognized that both countries face similar challenges in terms of occupational safety, due to the risks
inherent in the extraction and processing of crude oil. The International Labor Organization (ILO) has
been a key player in promoting a strong occupational safety culture in Latin America. Within this
framework, it is essential that both Colombia and Ecuador strengthen their alliances between
governments, employers and workers to build safer, healthier and more collaborative work
environments, where the responsibility for well-being is shared by all the actors involved.
Key words: oil company, safety, labor, welfare, safety, security, oil sector
INTRODUCTION
This documentary research seeks to analyze the key factors that promote occupational wellbeing and
the creation of healthy work environments within the oil sector, an industry of great economic and
social impact in both Colombia and Ecuador. Through a comparative exercise between the two
countries, the aim is to examine how occupational safety issues are addressed and what actions have
been implemented to protect the health of workers. To this end, laws, decrees, norms, agreements and
other related regulations will be reviewed in order to understand how these measures are applied in
practice within such a demanding and strategic industry. In the case of Colombia, the oil sector
represents one of the main sources of income for the country and is an important driver of employment
generation. Beyond the economic figures, this industry offers direct and indirect job opportunities to
more than 200,000 Colombian families. Companies operating in this field must abide by a series of
local regulations aimed precisely at protecting the health and well-being of their workers. Ecuador, for
its part, also depends to a large extent on the oil industry, which is an important pillar of its Gross
Domestic Product (GDP). Although data are not fully comparable with those of Colombia, it is
recognized that both countries face similar challenges in terms of occupational safety, due to the risks
inherent in the extraction and processing of crude oil. The International Labor Organization (ILO) has
been a key player in promoting a strong occupational safety culture in Latin America. Within this
framework, it is essential that both Colombia and Ecuador strengthen their alliances between
governments, employers and workers to build safer, healthier and more collaborative work
environments, where the responsibility for well-being is shared by all the actors involved.
Key words: oil company, safety, labor, welfare, safety, security, oil sector
pág. 5211
BACKGROUND
Since its inception, the International Labor Organization (ILO) has actively promoted the adoption of
regulations to protect the health and safety of workers in the workplace. In Ecuador, this protection is
based on a set of regulations designed to safeguard both the physical and emotional well-being of
those who work in different sectors, including the oil industry.
One of the pillars of these regulations is the Workplace Safety and Health Regulations, approved by
Executive Decree No. 255 on May 2, 2024. This document establishes the basis for promoting a
culture of risk prevention in the work environment. It clearly defines who is responsible for ensuring
safety within organizations and details their functions, depending on the size of the company and the
level of risk. It also guarantees free access to health and safety training programs for all workers in the
country.
Complementing this framework, Ministerial Agreement No. MDT-2024-196, issued on October 9,
2024, specifies obligations for both employers and employees. The agreement establishes 35
responsibilities that employers must fulfill, including: applying current regulations, identifying and
managing risks, providing training, monitoring working conditions, and keeping up-to-date records.
For their part, workers have 13 duties, such as following safety instructions and actively participating
in the training offered.
On the other hand, Ministerial Agreement No. 1404 regulates corporate medical services, with the aim
of taking comprehensive care of employees' health. This agreement obliges companies, both public
and private, to offer adequate medical care to their workers and to implement strategies that reduce
risks and improve well-being at work.
The Ecuadorian Labor Code also contemplates aspects related to occupational health, although no
detailed information was found that would allow a point-by-point comparison with the Colombian
code. Even so, it is reasonable to assume that it contains provisions aimed at guaranteeing worker
protection and employer responsibility in occupational health matters.
In the case of Colombia, research such as the Strategic Proposal for Ecopetrol S.A. has evaluated how
companies in the oil sector apply the minimum standards established in the Occupational Safety and
Health Management System (SG-SST). This system, regulated by Decree 1072 of 2015, seeks to
BACKGROUND
Since its inception, the International Labor Organization (ILO) has actively promoted the adoption of
regulations to protect the health and safety of workers in the workplace. In Ecuador, this protection is
based on a set of regulations designed to safeguard both the physical and emotional well-being of
those who work in different sectors, including the oil industry.
One of the pillars of these regulations is the Workplace Safety and Health Regulations, approved by
Executive Decree No. 255 on May 2, 2024. This document establishes the basis for promoting a
culture of risk prevention in the work environment. It clearly defines who is responsible for ensuring
safety within organizations and details their functions, depending on the size of the company and the
level of risk. It also guarantees free access to health and safety training programs for all workers in the
country.
Complementing this framework, Ministerial Agreement No. MDT-2024-196, issued on October 9,
2024, specifies obligations for both employers and employees. The agreement establishes 35
responsibilities that employers must fulfill, including: applying current regulations, identifying and
managing risks, providing training, monitoring working conditions, and keeping up-to-date records.
For their part, workers have 13 duties, such as following safety instructions and actively participating
in the training offered.
On the other hand, Ministerial Agreement No. 1404 regulates corporate medical services, with the aim
of taking comprehensive care of employees' health. This agreement obliges companies, both public
and private, to offer adequate medical care to their workers and to implement strategies that reduce
risks and improve well-being at work.
The Ecuadorian Labor Code also contemplates aspects related to occupational health, although no
detailed information was found that would allow a point-by-point comparison with the Colombian
code. Even so, it is reasonable to assume that it contains provisions aimed at guaranteeing worker
protection and employer responsibility in occupational health matters.
In the case of Colombia, research such as the Strategic Proposal for Ecopetrol S.A. has evaluated how
companies in the oil sector apply the minimum standards established in the Occupational Safety and
Health Management System (SG-SST). This system, regulated by Decree 1072 of 2015, seeks to
pág. 5212
create safe work environments through processes and practices that prevent accidents and occupational
diseases.
Studies conducted in companies in the hydrocarbon sector in Colombia have revealed that one of the
most common problems are musculoskeletal disorders, often linked to failures in epidemiological
prevention programs. Although there are no similar studies in Ecuador, it is recognized that both
countries face common challenges due to the risky nature of work in the oil sector.
In summary, both Colombia and Ecuador have built legal frameworks aimed at protecting the
occupational health of their workers. However, they still face great challenges, especially with regard
to the effective implementation of these norms and the development of programs that really have an
impact on the prevention of occupational diseases. This reality highlights the importance of greater
collaboration between governments, companies and workers to continue moving towards safer and
healthier work environments in the oil industry.
METHODOLOGY
For the development of this research, a systematic and detailed review of various documentary sources
from both Colombia and Ecuador was carried out. The objective was to gather reliable and updated
information that would allow a thorough understanding of how occupational health and safety is
addressed in the oil sector in both countries.
In this process, multiple recognized sources were consulted, including official government websites,
specialized journals, academic databases such as Google Scholar and SciELO, as well as university
repositories.
To guide the search and ensure the relevance of the contents, keywords such as occupational safety,
occupational health, employment in the oil sector and labor welfare were defined. These words were
fundamental to find studies, regulations and analysis relevant to the topic.
In order to broaden the scope of the information and enrich the perspective of the analysis, documents
in English and French were also incorporated and carefully translated to ensure an accurate
understanding of their content.
create safe work environments through processes and practices that prevent accidents and occupational
diseases.
Studies conducted in companies in the hydrocarbon sector in Colombia have revealed that one of the
most common problems are musculoskeletal disorders, often linked to failures in epidemiological
prevention programs. Although there are no similar studies in Ecuador, it is recognized that both
countries face common challenges due to the risky nature of work in the oil sector.
In summary, both Colombia and Ecuador have built legal frameworks aimed at protecting the
occupational health of their workers. However, they still face great challenges, especially with regard
to the effective implementation of these norms and the development of programs that really have an
impact on the prevention of occupational diseases. This reality highlights the importance of greater
collaboration between governments, companies and workers to continue moving towards safer and
healthier work environments in the oil industry.
METHODOLOGY
For the development of this research, a systematic and detailed review of various documentary sources
from both Colombia and Ecuador was carried out. The objective was to gather reliable and updated
information that would allow a thorough understanding of how occupational health and safety is
addressed in the oil sector in both countries.
In this process, multiple recognized sources were consulted, including official government websites,
specialized journals, academic databases such as Google Scholar and SciELO, as well as university
repositories.
To guide the search and ensure the relevance of the contents, keywords such as occupational safety,
occupational health, employment in the oil sector and labor welfare were defined. These words were
fundamental to find studies, regulations and analysis relevant to the topic.
In order to broaden the scope of the information and enrich the perspective of the analysis, documents
in English and French were also incorporated and carefully translated to ensure an accurate
understanding of their content.
pág. 5213
Thanks to this methodological approach, it was possible to build a broad and comparative vision of the
situation of the oil sector in Colombia and Ecuador, highlighting the most relevant aspects of
occupational health and safety that affect thousands of workers in this important industry
Thanks to this methodological approach, it was possible to build a broad and comparative vision of the
situation of the oil sector in Colombia and Ecuador, highlighting the most relevant aspects of
occupational health and safety that affect thousands of workers in this important industry
pág. 5214
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
When it comes to occupational safety and health, both Colombia and Ecuador have developed
regulatory frameworks that seek to ensure safe and healthy work environments, especially in high-risk
sectors such as the oil industry. The following are the most relevant findings in each country in
relation to this issue.
In the case of Colombia, the regulations governing oil activities are aimed at protecting the physical
and emotional integrity of workers. One of the main pillars is Decree 1072 of 2015, which establishes
the guidelines of the Occupational Safety and Health Management System (SG-SST). This system
includes risk assessment, continuous training of personnel and the implementation of preventive
programs. In turn, Law 1562 of 2012 updates the approach to occupational hazards, emphasizing the
need to create a safety culture within organizations.
One of the most common risks in the Colombian oil industry is related to musculoskeletal health, due
to forced postures or repetitive movements, which can seriously affect the quality of working life. To
also address the handling of chemical substances, Decree 1496 of 2018 establishes specific measures
within the management system, including the mandatory use of personal protection elements and
constant training of exposed personnel.
Ecuador has an Occupational Health and Safety Regulation, backed by Executive Decree No. 255 of
May 2, 2024, which highlights the importance of identifying risks and training workers as priority
measures. In addition, Ministerial Agreement No. MDT-2024-196 details the responsibilities of both
employers and workers, aiming at a culture of prevention and shared commitment.
In the Ecuadorian oil sector, no specific information was found on risks similar to those in Colombia,
but due to the nature of the work, it is likely that there are physical and chemical hazards that also
require attention. In addition, Ministerial Agreement 1404 regulates the provision of corporate medical
services, ensuring that workers have access to timely and adequate care to prevent and treat possible
health problems.
In summary, both countries show a clear commitment to worker protection in the oil sector. While
Colombia has placed a strong emphasis on occupational risk management systems and the handling of
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
When it comes to occupational safety and health, both Colombia and Ecuador have developed
regulatory frameworks that seek to ensure safe and healthy work environments, especially in high-risk
sectors such as the oil industry. The following are the most relevant findings in each country in
relation to this issue.
In the case of Colombia, the regulations governing oil activities are aimed at protecting the physical
and emotional integrity of workers. One of the main pillars is Decree 1072 of 2015, which establishes
the guidelines of the Occupational Safety and Health Management System (SG-SST). This system
includes risk assessment, continuous training of personnel and the implementation of preventive
programs. In turn, Law 1562 of 2012 updates the approach to occupational hazards, emphasizing the
need to create a safety culture within organizations.
One of the most common risks in the Colombian oil industry is related to musculoskeletal health, due
to forced postures or repetitive movements, which can seriously affect the quality of working life. To
also address the handling of chemical substances, Decree 1496 of 2018 establishes specific measures
within the management system, including the mandatory use of personal protection elements and
constant training of exposed personnel.
Ecuador has an Occupational Health and Safety Regulation, backed by Executive Decree No. 255 of
May 2, 2024, which highlights the importance of identifying risks and training workers as priority
measures. In addition, Ministerial Agreement No. MDT-2024-196 details the responsibilities of both
employers and workers, aiming at a culture of prevention and shared commitment.
In the Ecuadorian oil sector, no specific information was found on risks similar to those in Colombia,
but due to the nature of the work, it is likely that there are physical and chemical hazards that also
require attention. In addition, Ministerial Agreement 1404 regulates the provision of corporate medical
services, ensuring that workers have access to timely and adequate care to prevent and treat possible
health problems.
In summary, both countries show a clear commitment to worker protection in the oil sector. While
Colombia has placed a strong emphasis on occupational risk management systems and the handling of
pág. 5215
hazardous substances, Ecuador has focused its efforts on mandatory training and comprehensive
prevention.
However, challenges persist in both contexts. In Colombia, musculoskeletal disorders are a recurrent
problem. In Ecuador, although the specific risks are not fully documented, hazards associated with the
physical and chemical work environment are presumed to exist.
Both Colombia and Ecuador have built solid legal frameworks, but their true effectiveness will depend
on how these regulations are implemented on a day-to-day basis. In an industry as demanding as the
oil industry, promoting a culture of care and prevention is not only a legal obligation, but also an
ethical responsibility to those who make its operation possible.
Figure 1. Occupational accident rate in the oil sector
Fountain: Pabon, H. (2025).
In the first graph, it can be seen that Ecuador has a higher occupational accident rate than Colombia,
suggesting that the oil sector in Ecuador faces significant occupational health risks. This situation
could be a reflection of various circumstances, such as the implementation of risk management or
preventive safety culture in the work environment.
58%
82%
Occupational Accidents In The Oil Sector
COLOMBIA ECUADOR
hazardous substances, Ecuador has focused its efforts on mandatory training and comprehensive
prevention.
However, challenges persist in both contexts. In Colombia, musculoskeletal disorders are a recurrent
problem. In Ecuador, although the specific risks are not fully documented, hazards associated with the
physical and chemical work environment are presumed to exist.
Both Colombia and Ecuador have built solid legal frameworks, but their true effectiveness will depend
on how these regulations are implemented on a day-to-day basis. In an industry as demanding as the
oil industry, promoting a culture of care and prevention is not only a legal obligation, but also an
ethical responsibility to those who make its operation possible.
Figure 1. Occupational accident rate in the oil sector
Fountain: Pabon, H. (2025).
In the first graph, it can be seen that Ecuador has a higher occupational accident rate than Colombia,
suggesting that the oil sector in Ecuador faces significant occupational health risks. This situation
could be a reflection of various circumstances, such as the implementation of risk management or
preventive safety culture in the work environment.
58%
82%
Occupational Accidents In The Oil Sector
COLOMBIA ECUADOR
pág. 5216
Figure 2. Occupational Diseases
Fountain: Pabon, H. (2025).
The second graph reveals that the percentage of workers who have reported occupational diseases is
higher in Ecuador compared to Colombia. This suggests that Ecuadorian workers may be exposed to
more unfavorable conditions or that preventive measures to combat occupational diseases are less
effective in their country.
Figure 3. Security Training
Fountain: Pabon, H. (2025).
The third graph shows a notable difference: Colombia has a higher percentage of oil sector workers
trained in occupational health issues compared to Ecuador. This indicates that the Colombian approach
to training and prevention is stronger, which probably contributes to a lower occurrence of
occupational accidents and diseases.
12%
15%
Occupational Diseases
COLOMBIA ECUADOR
70%
60%
Security Training
Figure 2. Occupational Diseases
Fountain: Pabon, H. (2025).
The second graph reveals that the percentage of workers who have reported occupational diseases is
higher in Ecuador compared to Colombia. This suggests that Ecuadorian workers may be exposed to
more unfavorable conditions or that preventive measures to combat occupational diseases are less
effective in their country.
Figure 3. Security Training
Fountain: Pabon, H. (2025).
The third graph shows a notable difference: Colombia has a higher percentage of oil sector workers
trained in occupational health issues compared to Ecuador. This indicates that the Colombian approach
to training and prevention is stronger, which probably contributes to a lower occurrence of
occupational accidents and diseases.
12%
15%
Occupational Diseases
COLOMBIA ECUADOR
70%
60%
Security Training
pág. 5217
In contrast, Ecuador faces greater challenges in terms of accidents and occupational pathologies,
which highlights the urgent need to strengthen working conditions and reinforce preventive actions
within the sector.
Colombia's advantage in terms of training could be playing a key role in its better occupational health
and safety indicators. This situation reinforces the importance of continuing to invest in training and
constant updating programs for workers.
Both Colombia and Ecuador have the opportunity to review and improve their occupational health
policies, focusing especially on those areas where risks are highest. Continuous training not only
prevents accidents, but also protects the lives and well-being of those who support this industry with
their work on a daily basis.
CONCLUSIONS
A comparison between Colombia and Ecuador in terms of occupational health in the oil sector reveals
both commonalities and important differences in the way each country protects its workers. Although
both have built legal frameworks to ensure safe working environments, there is still much to be done
to ensure that those standards are effectively and continuously enforced.
In the case of Colombia, Decree 1072 of 2015 establishes a solid structure for identifying risks,
training workers and acting preventively. However, despite these advances, musculoskeletal disorders
caused by repetitive movements or poor posture are still frequent. This shows that, beyond regulations,
it is essential to strengthen preventive strategies focused on the real risks of day-to-day work.
On the other hand, Ecuador has implemented more recent regulations, such as Ministerial Agreement
No. MDT-2024-196, which establishes clear responsibilities in occupational health. Even so, the
figures show a higher rate of occupational accidents and illnesses compared to Colombia. This
suggests that the regulations, although they exist, are not being applied rigorously enough to generate
real changes in working conditions.
Hence the importance of promoting a more active prevention culture in the Ecuadorian oil sector.
One of the factors that makes a difference is training. In Colombia, a higher proportion of workers
have received health and safety training, which could be influencing the reduction of incidents. This
In contrast, Ecuador faces greater challenges in terms of accidents and occupational pathologies,
which highlights the urgent need to strengthen working conditions and reinforce preventive actions
within the sector.
Colombia's advantage in terms of training could be playing a key role in its better occupational health
and safety indicators. This situation reinforces the importance of continuing to invest in training and
constant updating programs for workers.
Both Colombia and Ecuador have the opportunity to review and improve their occupational health
policies, focusing especially on those areas where risks are highest. Continuous training not only
prevents accidents, but also protects the lives and well-being of those who support this industry with
their work on a daily basis.
CONCLUSIONS
A comparison between Colombia and Ecuador in terms of occupational health in the oil sector reveals
both commonalities and important differences in the way each country protects its workers. Although
both have built legal frameworks to ensure safe working environments, there is still much to be done
to ensure that those standards are effectively and continuously enforced.
In the case of Colombia, Decree 1072 of 2015 establishes a solid structure for identifying risks,
training workers and acting preventively. However, despite these advances, musculoskeletal disorders
caused by repetitive movements or poor posture are still frequent. This shows that, beyond regulations,
it is essential to strengthen preventive strategies focused on the real risks of day-to-day work.
On the other hand, Ecuador has implemented more recent regulations, such as Ministerial Agreement
No. MDT-2024-196, which establishes clear responsibilities in occupational health. Even so, the
figures show a higher rate of occupational accidents and illnesses compared to Colombia. This
suggests that the regulations, although they exist, are not being applied rigorously enough to generate
real changes in working conditions.
Hence the importance of promoting a more active prevention culture in the Ecuadorian oil sector.
One of the factors that makes a difference is training. In Colombia, a higher proportion of workers
have received health and safety training, which could be influencing the reduction of incidents. This
pág. 5218
highlights the need for Ecuador to strengthen its training and awareness programs, ensuring that
workers are not only aware of the risks, but also know how to deal with them.
Ultimately, both Colombia and Ecuador share a commitment to protecting the health and well-being of
those working in the oil industry. However, each country faces particular challenges that must be
urgently addressed. Strengthening regulatory frameworks, focusing on prevention and promoting
continuous training are not only desirable goals, but essential steps to build safer and more humane
work environments. To achieve this, a joint effort by governments, companies and workers is required.
REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS
Lema-Jiménez, F. L., Quevedo-Barros, M. R., Ochoa-Crespo, J. D., & Ormaza-Andrade, J. E. (2021).
Análisis de la estructura organizacional de seguridad y salud ocupacional, una revisión desde
la legislación Ecuatoriana. Dominio de las ciencias, 7(5), 724-744.
https://dominiodelasciencias.com/ojs/index.php/es/article/view/2279.
Ortega, J. S. (2024). Seguridad para el trabajo y salud ocupacional: una revisión sistemática a partir de
las normativas, protocolos y sostenibilidad ecuatoriana. Polo del conocimiento, 9(1), 360-408.
https://www.polodelconocimiento.com/ojs/index.php/es/article/view/6382.
MENDOZA, Cesar A. Arias. Implantación de un sistema de gestión de seguridad y Salud en el trabajo
basado en el modelo Ecuador. Dominio de las Ciencias, 2017, vol. 3, no 4, p. 264-283.
https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=6174484
ÁLVAREZ CONTRERAS, Diana Esther; ARAQUE GENEY, Erika Astrid; JIMÉNEZ LYONS,
Karina Andrea. Sistema de gestión de la seguridad y salud en el trabajo, MiPymes de
Sincelejo, Colombia. Tendencias, 2022, vol. 23, no 2, p. 178-201.
http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?pid=S0124-86932022000200178&script=sci_arttext
Ahumada-Villafañe, I., Escudero-Sabogal, I., & Gutiérrez-Jaraba, J. (2016). Normatividad de riesgos
laborales en Colombia y su impacto en el sector de hidrocarburos. IPSA Scientia, revista
científica multidisciplinaria, 1(1), 31-42.
https://www.booksandjournals.org/ojs/index.php/ipsa/article/view/29
highlights the need for Ecuador to strengthen its training and awareness programs, ensuring that
workers are not only aware of the risks, but also know how to deal with them.
Ultimately, both Colombia and Ecuador share a commitment to protecting the health and well-being of
those working in the oil industry. However, each country faces particular challenges that must be
urgently addressed. Strengthening regulatory frameworks, focusing on prevention and promoting
continuous training are not only desirable goals, but essential steps to build safer and more humane
work environments. To achieve this, a joint effort by governments, companies and workers is required.
REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS
Lema-Jiménez, F. L., Quevedo-Barros, M. R., Ochoa-Crespo, J. D., & Ormaza-Andrade, J. E. (2021).
Análisis de la estructura organizacional de seguridad y salud ocupacional, una revisión desde
la legislación Ecuatoriana. Dominio de las ciencias, 7(5), 724-744.
https://dominiodelasciencias.com/ojs/index.php/es/article/view/2279.
Ortega, J. S. (2024). Seguridad para el trabajo y salud ocupacional: una revisión sistemática a partir de
las normativas, protocolos y sostenibilidad ecuatoriana. Polo del conocimiento, 9(1), 360-408.
https://www.polodelconocimiento.com/ojs/index.php/es/article/view/6382.
MENDOZA, Cesar A. Arias. Implantación de un sistema de gestión de seguridad y Salud en el trabajo
basado en el modelo Ecuador. Dominio de las Ciencias, 2017, vol. 3, no 4, p. 264-283.
https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=6174484
ÁLVAREZ CONTRERAS, Diana Esther; ARAQUE GENEY, Erika Astrid; JIMÉNEZ LYONS,
Karina Andrea. Sistema de gestión de la seguridad y salud en el trabajo, MiPymes de
Sincelejo, Colombia. Tendencias, 2022, vol. 23, no 2, p. 178-201.
http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?pid=S0124-86932022000200178&script=sci_arttext
Ahumada-Villafañe, I., Escudero-Sabogal, I., & Gutiérrez-Jaraba, J. (2016). Normatividad de riesgos
laborales en Colombia y su impacto en el sector de hidrocarburos. IPSA Scientia, revista
científica multidisciplinaria, 1(1), 31-42.
https://www.booksandjournals.org/ojs/index.php/ipsa/article/view/29
pág. 5219
González Albarracín, S. P. (2020). Sistema de gestión de seguridad y salud en el trabajo en base a los
requerimientos del capítulo vi del decreto 1072 de 2015 en la empresa servicios petroleros de
Colombia SAS.
https://repository.upb.edu.co/handle/20.500.11912/9157
Alvarado Domínguez, S. M., Huérfano Benavides, F., Vergara, G., Tapias, J., & Peralta, L. A. (2020).
Propuesta Estratégica de Mejora en la Implementación de los Estándares Mínimos del Sistema
de Gestión de la Seguridad y Salud en el Trabajo (SG-SST) en la empresa Ecopetrol SA para
el Año 2020.
https://repository.unad.edu.co/handle/10596/34285
Lopez Zamudio, E. N., & Rodriguez Acevedo, J. J. (2019). Revisión teórica y normativa para pymes y
el acompañamiento que realizan las ARL en aspectos del sistema de seguridad y salud en el
trabajo en Colombia.
https://alejandria.poligran.edu.co/handle/10823/1459
Vargas, G. M., Solarte, M. G., & Rodríguez, A. R. A. (2022). Responsabilidad social empresarial,
cambio institucional y organizacional del sector petrolero colombiano. Revista de ciencias
sociales, 28(1), 175-186.
https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=8297217
Ordoñez Moran, A., & Nuñez Lapo, M. D. L. A. (2019). Análisis del sector petrolero y su incidencia
en los aspectos socioeconómicos del Ecuador en el período 1980-2012. Revista Universidad y
Sociedad, 11(5), 405-409.
http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?pid=S2218-36202019000500405&script=sci_arttext&tlng=en
Chamba, W. A. E., & Gutiérrez, M. A. R. (2023). Condiciones laborales de trabajadores del sector
petrolero y su incidencia en el bienestar de vida familiar en Sucumbíos,
Ecuador. Investigación & Negocios, 16(27), 71-78.
https://revistas.usfx.bo/investigacionynegocios/index.php/revista/article/view/189
Sánchez Arévalo, C. A. (2015). Propuesta de un modelo de seguridad y salud ocupacional para una
empresa de taladros de perforación.
https://repositorio.puce.edu.ec/items/64dcc1b0-a34e-44eb-9b1a-db13d2c57774
González Albarracín, S. P. (2020). Sistema de gestión de seguridad y salud en el trabajo en base a los
requerimientos del capítulo vi del decreto 1072 de 2015 en la empresa servicios petroleros de
Colombia SAS.
https://repository.upb.edu.co/handle/20.500.11912/9157
Alvarado Domínguez, S. M., Huérfano Benavides, F., Vergara, G., Tapias, J., & Peralta, L. A. (2020).
Propuesta Estratégica de Mejora en la Implementación de los Estándares Mínimos del Sistema
de Gestión de la Seguridad y Salud en el Trabajo (SG-SST) en la empresa Ecopetrol SA para
el Año 2020.
https://repository.unad.edu.co/handle/10596/34285
Lopez Zamudio, E. N., & Rodriguez Acevedo, J. J. (2019). Revisión teórica y normativa para pymes y
el acompañamiento que realizan las ARL en aspectos del sistema de seguridad y salud en el
trabajo en Colombia.
https://alejandria.poligran.edu.co/handle/10823/1459
Vargas, G. M., Solarte, M. G., & Rodríguez, A. R. A. (2022). Responsabilidad social empresarial,
cambio institucional y organizacional del sector petrolero colombiano. Revista de ciencias
sociales, 28(1), 175-186.
https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=8297217
Ordoñez Moran, A., & Nuñez Lapo, M. D. L. A. (2019). Análisis del sector petrolero y su incidencia
en los aspectos socioeconómicos del Ecuador en el período 1980-2012. Revista Universidad y
Sociedad, 11(5), 405-409.
http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?pid=S2218-36202019000500405&script=sci_arttext&tlng=en
Chamba, W. A. E., & Gutiérrez, M. A. R. (2023). Condiciones laborales de trabajadores del sector
petrolero y su incidencia en el bienestar de vida familiar en Sucumbíos,
Ecuador. Investigación & Negocios, 16(27), 71-78.
https://revistas.usfx.bo/investigacionynegocios/index.php/revista/article/view/189
Sánchez Arévalo, C. A. (2015). Propuesta de un modelo de seguridad y salud ocupacional para una
empresa de taladros de perforación.
https://repositorio.puce.edu.ec/items/64dcc1b0-a34e-44eb-9b1a-db13d2c57774
pág. 5220
Wilchez, J. B. O., García, A. R. G., & Serpa, A. V. (2018). Accidentalidad en trabajadores del sector
petrolero ecuatoriano: análisis temporal desde 2014 a 2016. Magazine de las Ciencias: Revista
de Investigación e Innovación, 3(1), 37-46.
https://revistas.utb.edu.ec/index.php/magazine/article/view/452
Gálvez Maldonado, D. M. (2016). Gestión de la seguridad y salud ocupacional para la planta de
facilidades mecánicas Asme, perteneciente a la empresa de servicios técnicos petroleros
Sertecpet SA, con base en la norma NTC-OHSAS 18001: 2007 (Master's thesis, Quito, 2016.).
https://bibdigital.epn.edu.ec/handle/15000/16654
González Ochoa, C. A. (2018). Percepción de los trabajadores sobre seguridad en el trabajo y
accidentalidad en una empresa del sector petrolero, Colombia.
https://repository.urosario.edu.co/items/d3081848-ebbe-4ae0-b0fc-4f38d3d2a535
Wilchez, J. B. O., García, A. R. G., & Serpa, A. V. (2018). Accidentalidad en trabajadores del sector
petrolero ecuatoriano: análisis temporal desde 2014 a 2016. Magazine de las Ciencias: Revista
de Investigación e Innovación, 3(1), 37-46.
https://revistas.utb.edu.ec/index.php/magazine/article/view/452
Gálvez Maldonado, D. M. (2016). Gestión de la seguridad y salud ocupacional para la planta de
facilidades mecánicas Asme, perteneciente a la empresa de servicios técnicos petroleros
Sertecpet SA, con base en la norma NTC-OHSAS 18001: 2007 (Master's thesis, Quito, 2016.).
https://bibdigital.epn.edu.ec/handle/15000/16654
González Ochoa, C. A. (2018). Percepción de los trabajadores sobre seguridad en el trabajo y
accidentalidad en una empresa del sector petrolero, Colombia.
https://repository.urosario.edu.co/items/d3081848-ebbe-4ae0-b0fc-4f38d3d2a535