El Nitrógeno como Inductor Metabólico en Porphyridium Cruentum: Producción Selectiva de Ficobiliproteínas, Carbohidratos y Biomoléculas con Potencial para Suplementos Alimenticios
Palabras clave:
microalga roja, porphyridium, ficobiliproteínas, nitrógeno, suplementos alimenticios, bioprocesos, ficoeritrina, ficocianina
Resumen
Porphyridium cruentum, microalga roja perteneciente al filo Rhodophyta, cuyo perfil bioquímico considera proteínas (~34%), carbohidratos (~32%), lípidos (~7%) y ficobiliproteínas con actividades antioxidantes, antiinflamatorias y antitumorales; la posiciona como candidata de alto valor para el desarrollo de suplementos alimenticios naturales. El presente trabajo evalúa el efecto del exceso de nitrógeno (NaNO₃: 25 g L⁻¹ como control vs. 75 g L⁻¹ como tratamiento 3N) sobre la acumulación de biomoléculas y pigmentos en dos puntos críticos del ciclo de vida de la microalga: el final de la fase exponencial (Día 7) y el final de la fase estacionaria (Día 14). Los resultados demostraron que el exceso de nitrógeno no generó diferencias estadísticamente significativas (p > 0.05) en la concentración de proteínas, lípidos, ficocianina ni aloficocianina en ninguno de los dos momentos de cosecha evaluados. Sin embargo, se registró un incremento significativo del 52.60 % en la concentración de carbohidratos totales durante la fase exponencial, y un aumento del 46.43 % en la concentración de ficoeritrina al término de la fase estacionaria. Estos hallazgos establecen estrategias de cosecha diferenciadas según el compuesto de interés y contribuyen al diseño racional de bioprocesos con microalgas rojas para la obtención de ingredientes bioactivos con aplicación en la industria alimentaria y farmacéutica.
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Adir, N., Bar-Zvi, S., y Harris, D. (2020). The amazing phycobilisome. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta – Bioenergetics, 1861(4), 148047. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbabio.2019.07.002
Allen, M. M., y Hutchison, F. (1980). Nitrogen limitation and recovery in the cyanobacterium Aphanocapsa 6308. Archives of Microbiology, 128(1), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00422297
Andersen, R. A. (2005). Algal culturing techniques. Elsevier Academic Press.
Andreeva, A., Budenkova, E., Babich, O., Sukhikh, S., Ulrikh, E., Ivanova, S., Prosekov, A., y Dolganyuk, V. (2021). Production, purification, and study of the amino acid composition of microalgae proteins. Molecules, 26(9), 2767. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26092767
Bennett, A., y Bogorad, L. (1973). Complementary chromatic adaptation in a filamentous blue-green alga. The Journal of Cell Biology, 58(2), 419-435. https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.58.2.419
Bernaerts, T. M. M., Kyomugasho, C., Van Looveren, N., Gheysen, L., Foubert, I., Hendrickx, M. E., y Van Loey, A. M. (2018). Molecular and rheological characterization of different cell wall fractions of Porphyridium cruentum. Carbohydrate Polymers, 195, 542-550. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.05.001
Bischoff, H. W., y Bold, H. C. (1963). Phycological studies IV. University of Texas Publications, 6318, 1-95.
Blot, N., Wu, X.-J., Thomas, J.-C., Zhang, J., Garczarek, L., Böhm, S., y Zhao, K.-H. (2009). Phycourobilin in trichromatic phycocyanin from oceanic cyanobacteria is formed post-translationally by a phycoerythrobilin lyase-isomerase. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 284(14), 9290-9298. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m809784200
Bosaeus, I., Daneryd, P., Svanberg, E., y Lundholm, K. (2001). Dietary intake and resting energy expenditure in relation to weight loss in unselected cancer patients. International Journal of Cancer, 93(3), 380-383. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.1332
Bradford, M. M. (1976). A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Analytical Biochemistry, 72(1-2), 248-254. https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-2697(76)90527-3
Chaubey, M. G., Patel, S. N., Rastogi, R. P., Madamwar, D., y Singh, N. K. (2020). Cyanobacterial pigment protein allophycocyanin exhibits longevity and reduces Aβ-mediated paralysis in C. elegans. 3 Biotech, 10(8). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-020-02314-1
Chaubey, M. G., Patel, S. N., Rastogi, R. P., Srivastava, P. L., Singh, A. K., Madamwar, D., y Singh, N. K. (2019). Therapeutic potential of cyanobacterial pigment protein phycoerythrin: in silico and in vitro study of BACE1 interaction and in vivo Aβ reduction. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 134, 368-378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.05.006
Chronakis, I. S., y Madsen, M. (2011). Algal proteins. En Handbook of Food Proteins (pp. 353-394). Elsevier.
Chu, F.-F., Chu, P.-N., Cai, P.-J., Li, W.-W., Lam, P. K. S., y Zeng, R. J. (2013). Phosphorus plays an important role in enhancing biodiesel productivity of Chlorella vulgaris under nitrogen deficiency. Bioresource Technology, 134, 341-346.
Dagnino-Leone, J., Figueroa, C. P., Castañeda, M. L., Youlton, A. D., Vallejos-Almirall, A., Agurto-Muñoz, A., y Agurto-Muñoz, C. (2022). Phycobiliproteins: Structural aspects, functional characteristics, and biotechnological perspectives. Computational and Structural Biotechnology Journal, 20, 1506-1527.
de Morais, M. G., da Fontoura Prates, D., Moreira, J. B., Duarte, J. H., y Costa, J. A. V. (2018). Phycocyanin from microalgae: Properties, extraction and purification, with some recent applications. Industrial Biotechnology, 14(1), 30-37. https://doi.org/10.1089/ind.2017.0009
Draaisma, R. B., Wijffels, R. H., Slegers, P. M. E., Brentner, L. B., Roy, A., y Barbosa, M. J. (2013). Food commodities from microalgae. Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 24(2), 169-177.
DuBois, M., Gilles, K. A., Hamilton, J. K., Rebers, P. A., y Smith, F. (1956). Colorimetric method for determination of sugars and related substances. Analytical Chemistry, 28(3), 350-356.
Frankenberg-Dinkel, N., y Terry, M. J. (2009). Synthesis and role of bilins in photosynthetic organisms. En Tetrapyrroles (pp. 208-220). Springer New York.
Gantt, E. (1969). Properties and ultrastructure of phycoerythrin from Porphyridium cruentum. Plant Physiology, 44(11), 1629-1638.
Gantt, E. (1980). Structure and function of phycobilisomes: Light harvesting pigment complexes in red and blue-green algae. En International Review of Cytology (pp. 45-80). Elsevier.
Geresh, S., y Arad, S. (1991). The extracellular polysaccharides of the red microalgae: Chemistry and rheology. Bioresource Technology, 38(2-3), 195-201.
Glazer, A. N. (1989). Light guides: Directional energy transfer in a photosynthetic antenna. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 264(1), 1-4.
Hu, H., Wang, H.-F., Ma, L.-L., Shen, X.-F., y Zeng, R. J. (2018). Effects of nitrogen and phosphorous stress on the formation of high value LC-PUFAs in Porphyridium cruentum. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 102(13), 5763-5773.
Kaledona, M., R. A., Gardeva, E., Tchorbadjieva, M., Ivanova, N., Yossifova, L., y Gigova, L. (2011). Antitumor activity of B-phycoerythrin from Porphyridium cruentum. Journal of Pharmacy Research, 4(5), 1480-1482.
Koyande, A. K., Chew, K. W., Rambabu, K., Tao, Y., Chu, D.-T., y Show, P.-L. (2019). Microalgae: A potential alternative to health supplementation for humans. Food Science and Human Wellness, 8(1), 16-24.
Lauceri, R., Chini Zittelli, G., y Torzillo, G. (2019). A simple method for rapid purification of phycobiliproteins from Arthrospira platensis and Porphyridium cruentum biomass. Algal Research, 44, 101685.
Li, S., Ji, L., Shi, Q., Wu, H., y Fan, J. (2019). Advances in the production of bioactive substances from marine unicellular microalgae Porphyridium spp. Bioresource Technology, 292, 122048.
Li, T., Xu, J., Wu, H., Jiang, P., Chen, Z., y Xiang, W. (2019). Growth and biochemical composition of Porphyridium purpureum SCS-02 under different nitrogen concentrations. Marine Drugs, 17(2), 124.
Liu, T., Chen, Z., Xiao, Y., Yuan, M., Zhou, C., Liu, G., Fang, J., y Yang, B. (2022). Biochemical and morphological changes triggered by nitrogen stress in the oleaginous microalga Chlorella vulgaris. Microorganisms, 10(3), 566.
Matos, J., Cardoso, C., Bandarra, N. M., y Afonso, C. (2017). Microalgae as healthy ingredients for functional food: a review. Food & Function, 8(8), 2672-2685.
Mishra, S. K., Suh, W. I., Farooq, W., Moon, M., Shrivastav, A., Park, M. S., y Yang, J.-W. (2014). Rapid quantification of microalgal lipids in aqueous medium by a simple colorimetric method. Bioresource Technology, 155, 330-333.
Mizuta, H. (2002). Relationship between phycoerythrin and nitrogen content in Gloiopeltis furcata and Porphyra yezoensis. Algae, 17(2), 89-93.
Nichols, B. W., y Appleby, R. S. (1969). The distribution and biosynthesis of arachidonic acid in algae. Phytochemistry, 8(10), 1907-1915.
OMS. (2021). Malnutrition factsheet. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malnutrition
Peccia, J., Haznedaroglu, B., Gutierrez, J., y Zimmerman, J. B. (2013). Nitrogen supply is an important driver of sustainable microalgae biofuel production. Trends in Biotechnology, 31(3), 134-138.
Qi, H., Liu, Y., Qi, X., Liang, H., Chen, H., Jiang, P., y Wang, D. (2019). Dietary recombinant phycoerythrin modulates the gut microbiota of H22 tumor-bearing mice. Marine Drugs, 17(12), 665.
Ramírez, M. (2016). Extracción y caracterización de metabolitos secundarios a partir de Bacillus thuringiensis. Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla.
Razaghi, A., Godhe, A., y Albers, E. (2014). Effects of nitrogen on growth and carbohydrate formation in Porphyridium cruentum. Open Life Sciences, 9(2), 156-162.
Rebolloso, M. M., García, J. L., Fernández, J. M., Acién, F. G., Sánchez, J. A., y Molina, E. (1999). Outdoor continuous culture of Porphyridium cruentum in a tubular photobioreactor: quantitative analysis of the daily cyclic variation of culture parameters. Journal of Biotechnology, 70(1-3), 271-288.
Sánchez-Saavedra, M. del P., Castro-Ochoa, F. Y., Nava-Ruiz, V. M., Ruiz-Güereca, D. A., Villagómez-Aranda, A. L., Siqueiros-Vargas, F., y Molina-Cárdenas, C. A. (2018). Effects of nitrogen source and irradiance on Porphyridium cruentum. Journal of Applied Phycology, 30(2), 783-792.
Sidler, W. A. (1994). Phycobilisome and phycobiliprotein structures. En The Molecular Biology of Cyanobacteria (pp. 139-216). Springer Netherlands.
Tam, N. F. Y., y Wong, Y. S. (1996). Effect of ammonia concentrations on growth of Chlorella vulgaris and nitrogen removal from media. Bioresource Technology, 57(1), 45-50.
Tannin-Spitz, T., Bergman, M., van-Moppes, D., Grossman, S., y Arad, S. (2005). Antioxidant activity of the polysaccharide of the red microalga Porphyridium sp. Journal of Applied Phycology, 17(3), 215-222.
Talyshinsky, M. M., Souprun, Y. Y., y Huleihel, M. M. (2002). Anti-viral activity of red microalgal polysaccharides against retroviruses. Cancer Cell International, 2(1), 8.
Ulagesan, S., Nam, T.-J., y Choi, Y.-H. (2021). Extraction and purification of R-phycoerythrin alpha subunit from the marine red algae Pyropia yezoensis and its biological activities. Molecules, 26(21), 6479.
Vonshak, A. (1985). Micro-algae: Laboratory growth techniques and outdoor biomass production. En Techniques in Bioproductivity and Photosynthesis (pp. 188-200). Elsevier.
Wang, Q., Lan, L., Li, H., Gong, Q., y Gao, X. (2023). Effects of nitrogen source and concentration on the growth and biochemical composition of the red seaweed Grateloupia turuturu. Sustainability, 15(5), 4210.
Xu, N., Zhang, X., Fan, X., Han, L., y Zeng, C. K. (2001). Effects of nitrogen source and concentration on growth rate and fatty acid composition of Ellipsoidion sp. Journal of Applied Phycology, 13(6), 463-469.
Yang, L., Chen, J., Qin, S., Zeng, M., Jiang, Y., Hu, L., y Wang, J. (2018). Growth and lipid accumulation by different nutrients in the microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Biotechnology for Biofuels, 11(1).
Ying, J., Tang, Z., Zhao, G., Li, X., Pan, R., Lin, S., y Yan, C. (2021). Transcriptonomic study on apoptosis of SKOV-3 cells induced by phycoerythrin from Gracilaria lemaneiformis. Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry, 21(10), 1240-1249.
Yodsuwan, N., Sawayama, S., y Sirisansaneeyakul, S. (2017). Effect of nitrogen concentration on growth, lipid production and fatty acid profiles of the marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Agriculture and Natural Resources, 51(3), 190-197.
Zarrinmehr, M. J., Farhadian, O., Heyrati, F. P., Keramat, J., Koutra, E., Kornaros, M., y Daneshvar, E. (2020). Effect of nitrogen concentration on the growth rate and biochemical composition of the microalga Isochrysis galbana. Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research, 46(2), 153-158.
Allen, M. M., y Hutchison, F. (1980). Nitrogen limitation and recovery in the cyanobacterium Aphanocapsa 6308. Archives of Microbiology, 128(1), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00422297
Andersen, R. A. (2005). Algal culturing techniques. Elsevier Academic Press.
Andreeva, A., Budenkova, E., Babich, O., Sukhikh, S., Ulrikh, E., Ivanova, S., Prosekov, A., y Dolganyuk, V. (2021). Production, purification, and study of the amino acid composition of microalgae proteins. Molecules, 26(9), 2767. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26092767
Bennett, A., y Bogorad, L. (1973). Complementary chromatic adaptation in a filamentous blue-green alga. The Journal of Cell Biology, 58(2), 419-435. https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.58.2.419
Bernaerts, T. M. M., Kyomugasho, C., Van Looveren, N., Gheysen, L., Foubert, I., Hendrickx, M. E., y Van Loey, A. M. (2018). Molecular and rheological characterization of different cell wall fractions of Porphyridium cruentum. Carbohydrate Polymers, 195, 542-550. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.05.001
Bischoff, H. W., y Bold, H. C. (1963). Phycological studies IV. University of Texas Publications, 6318, 1-95.
Blot, N., Wu, X.-J., Thomas, J.-C., Zhang, J., Garczarek, L., Böhm, S., y Zhao, K.-H. (2009). Phycourobilin in trichromatic phycocyanin from oceanic cyanobacteria is formed post-translationally by a phycoerythrobilin lyase-isomerase. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 284(14), 9290-9298. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m809784200
Bosaeus, I., Daneryd, P., Svanberg, E., y Lundholm, K. (2001). Dietary intake and resting energy expenditure in relation to weight loss in unselected cancer patients. International Journal of Cancer, 93(3), 380-383. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.1332
Bradford, M. M. (1976). A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Analytical Biochemistry, 72(1-2), 248-254. https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-2697(76)90527-3
Chaubey, M. G., Patel, S. N., Rastogi, R. P., Madamwar, D., y Singh, N. K. (2020). Cyanobacterial pigment protein allophycocyanin exhibits longevity and reduces Aβ-mediated paralysis in C. elegans. 3 Biotech, 10(8). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-020-02314-1
Chaubey, M. G., Patel, S. N., Rastogi, R. P., Srivastava, P. L., Singh, A. K., Madamwar, D., y Singh, N. K. (2019). Therapeutic potential of cyanobacterial pigment protein phycoerythrin: in silico and in vitro study of BACE1 interaction and in vivo Aβ reduction. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 134, 368-378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.05.006
Chronakis, I. S., y Madsen, M. (2011). Algal proteins. En Handbook of Food Proteins (pp. 353-394). Elsevier.
Chu, F.-F., Chu, P.-N., Cai, P.-J., Li, W.-W., Lam, P. K. S., y Zeng, R. J. (2013). Phosphorus plays an important role in enhancing biodiesel productivity of Chlorella vulgaris under nitrogen deficiency. Bioresource Technology, 134, 341-346.
Dagnino-Leone, J., Figueroa, C. P., Castañeda, M. L., Youlton, A. D., Vallejos-Almirall, A., Agurto-Muñoz, A., y Agurto-Muñoz, C. (2022). Phycobiliproteins: Structural aspects, functional characteristics, and biotechnological perspectives. Computational and Structural Biotechnology Journal, 20, 1506-1527.
de Morais, M. G., da Fontoura Prates, D., Moreira, J. B., Duarte, J. H., y Costa, J. A. V. (2018). Phycocyanin from microalgae: Properties, extraction and purification, with some recent applications. Industrial Biotechnology, 14(1), 30-37. https://doi.org/10.1089/ind.2017.0009
Draaisma, R. B., Wijffels, R. H., Slegers, P. M. E., Brentner, L. B., Roy, A., y Barbosa, M. J. (2013). Food commodities from microalgae. Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 24(2), 169-177.
DuBois, M., Gilles, K. A., Hamilton, J. K., Rebers, P. A., y Smith, F. (1956). Colorimetric method for determination of sugars and related substances. Analytical Chemistry, 28(3), 350-356.
Frankenberg-Dinkel, N., y Terry, M. J. (2009). Synthesis and role of bilins in photosynthetic organisms. En Tetrapyrroles (pp. 208-220). Springer New York.
Gantt, E. (1969). Properties and ultrastructure of phycoerythrin from Porphyridium cruentum. Plant Physiology, 44(11), 1629-1638.
Gantt, E. (1980). Structure and function of phycobilisomes: Light harvesting pigment complexes in red and blue-green algae. En International Review of Cytology (pp. 45-80). Elsevier.
Geresh, S., y Arad, S. (1991). The extracellular polysaccharides of the red microalgae: Chemistry and rheology. Bioresource Technology, 38(2-3), 195-201.
Glazer, A. N. (1989). Light guides: Directional energy transfer in a photosynthetic antenna. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 264(1), 1-4.
Hu, H., Wang, H.-F., Ma, L.-L., Shen, X.-F., y Zeng, R. J. (2018). Effects of nitrogen and phosphorous stress on the formation of high value LC-PUFAs in Porphyridium cruentum. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 102(13), 5763-5773.
Kaledona, M., R. A., Gardeva, E., Tchorbadjieva, M., Ivanova, N., Yossifova, L., y Gigova, L. (2011). Antitumor activity of B-phycoerythrin from Porphyridium cruentum. Journal of Pharmacy Research, 4(5), 1480-1482.
Koyande, A. K., Chew, K. W., Rambabu, K., Tao, Y., Chu, D.-T., y Show, P.-L. (2019). Microalgae: A potential alternative to health supplementation for humans. Food Science and Human Wellness, 8(1), 16-24.
Lauceri, R., Chini Zittelli, G., y Torzillo, G. (2019). A simple method for rapid purification of phycobiliproteins from Arthrospira platensis and Porphyridium cruentum biomass. Algal Research, 44, 101685.
Li, S., Ji, L., Shi, Q., Wu, H., y Fan, J. (2019). Advances in the production of bioactive substances from marine unicellular microalgae Porphyridium spp. Bioresource Technology, 292, 122048.
Li, T., Xu, J., Wu, H., Jiang, P., Chen, Z., y Xiang, W. (2019). Growth and biochemical composition of Porphyridium purpureum SCS-02 under different nitrogen concentrations. Marine Drugs, 17(2), 124.
Liu, T., Chen, Z., Xiao, Y., Yuan, M., Zhou, C., Liu, G., Fang, J., y Yang, B. (2022). Biochemical and morphological changes triggered by nitrogen stress in the oleaginous microalga Chlorella vulgaris. Microorganisms, 10(3), 566.
Matos, J., Cardoso, C., Bandarra, N. M., y Afonso, C. (2017). Microalgae as healthy ingredients for functional food: a review. Food & Function, 8(8), 2672-2685.
Mishra, S. K., Suh, W. I., Farooq, W., Moon, M., Shrivastav, A., Park, M. S., y Yang, J.-W. (2014). Rapid quantification of microalgal lipids in aqueous medium by a simple colorimetric method. Bioresource Technology, 155, 330-333.
Mizuta, H. (2002). Relationship between phycoerythrin and nitrogen content in Gloiopeltis furcata and Porphyra yezoensis. Algae, 17(2), 89-93.
Nichols, B. W., y Appleby, R. S. (1969). The distribution and biosynthesis of arachidonic acid in algae. Phytochemistry, 8(10), 1907-1915.
OMS. (2021). Malnutrition factsheet. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malnutrition
Peccia, J., Haznedaroglu, B., Gutierrez, J., y Zimmerman, J. B. (2013). Nitrogen supply is an important driver of sustainable microalgae biofuel production. Trends in Biotechnology, 31(3), 134-138.
Qi, H., Liu, Y., Qi, X., Liang, H., Chen, H., Jiang, P., y Wang, D. (2019). Dietary recombinant phycoerythrin modulates the gut microbiota of H22 tumor-bearing mice. Marine Drugs, 17(12), 665.
Ramírez, M. (2016). Extracción y caracterización de metabolitos secundarios a partir de Bacillus thuringiensis. Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla.
Razaghi, A., Godhe, A., y Albers, E. (2014). Effects of nitrogen on growth and carbohydrate formation in Porphyridium cruentum. Open Life Sciences, 9(2), 156-162.
Rebolloso, M. M., García, J. L., Fernández, J. M., Acién, F. G., Sánchez, J. A., y Molina, E. (1999). Outdoor continuous culture of Porphyridium cruentum in a tubular photobioreactor: quantitative analysis of the daily cyclic variation of culture parameters. Journal of Biotechnology, 70(1-3), 271-288.
Sánchez-Saavedra, M. del P., Castro-Ochoa, F. Y., Nava-Ruiz, V. M., Ruiz-Güereca, D. A., Villagómez-Aranda, A. L., Siqueiros-Vargas, F., y Molina-Cárdenas, C. A. (2018). Effects of nitrogen source and irradiance on Porphyridium cruentum. Journal of Applied Phycology, 30(2), 783-792.
Sidler, W. A. (1994). Phycobilisome and phycobiliprotein structures. En The Molecular Biology of Cyanobacteria (pp. 139-216). Springer Netherlands.
Tam, N. F. Y., y Wong, Y. S. (1996). Effect of ammonia concentrations on growth of Chlorella vulgaris and nitrogen removal from media. Bioresource Technology, 57(1), 45-50.
Tannin-Spitz, T., Bergman, M., van-Moppes, D., Grossman, S., y Arad, S. (2005). Antioxidant activity of the polysaccharide of the red microalga Porphyridium sp. Journal of Applied Phycology, 17(3), 215-222.
Talyshinsky, M. M., Souprun, Y. Y., y Huleihel, M. M. (2002). Anti-viral activity of red microalgal polysaccharides against retroviruses. Cancer Cell International, 2(1), 8.
Ulagesan, S., Nam, T.-J., y Choi, Y.-H. (2021). Extraction and purification of R-phycoerythrin alpha subunit from the marine red algae Pyropia yezoensis and its biological activities. Molecules, 26(21), 6479.
Vonshak, A. (1985). Micro-algae: Laboratory growth techniques and outdoor biomass production. En Techniques in Bioproductivity and Photosynthesis (pp. 188-200). Elsevier.
Wang, Q., Lan, L., Li, H., Gong, Q., y Gao, X. (2023). Effects of nitrogen source and concentration on the growth and biochemical composition of the red seaweed Grateloupia turuturu. Sustainability, 15(5), 4210.
Xu, N., Zhang, X., Fan, X., Han, L., y Zeng, C. K. (2001). Effects of nitrogen source and concentration on growth rate and fatty acid composition of Ellipsoidion sp. Journal of Applied Phycology, 13(6), 463-469.
Yang, L., Chen, J., Qin, S., Zeng, M., Jiang, Y., Hu, L., y Wang, J. (2018). Growth and lipid accumulation by different nutrients in the microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Biotechnology for Biofuels, 11(1).
Ying, J., Tang, Z., Zhao, G., Li, X., Pan, R., Lin, S., y Yan, C. (2021). Transcriptonomic study on apoptosis of SKOV-3 cells induced by phycoerythrin from Gracilaria lemaneiformis. Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry, 21(10), 1240-1249.
Yodsuwan, N., Sawayama, S., y Sirisansaneeyakul, S. (2017). Effect of nitrogen concentration on growth, lipid production and fatty acid profiles of the marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Agriculture and Natural Resources, 51(3), 190-197.
Zarrinmehr, M. J., Farhadian, O., Heyrati, F. P., Keramat, J., Koutra, E., Kornaros, M., y Daneshvar, E. (2020). Effect of nitrogen concentration on the growth rate and biochemical composition of the microalga Isochrysis galbana. Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research, 46(2), 153-158.
Publicado
2026-04-30
Cómo citar
Ramírez Segovia, A. S., Valdés Santiago, L., Cordero Esquivel, B., Campos Espinoza, A., Patlan Rivera, K. S., & Terrazas Montoya, D. C. (2026). El Nitrógeno como Inductor Metabólico en Porphyridium Cruentum: Producción Selectiva de Ficobiliproteínas, Carbohidratos y Biomoléculas con Potencial para Suplementos Alimenticios. Ciencia Latina Revista Científica Multidisciplinar, 10(2), 4856-4873. https://doi.org/10.37811/cl_rcm.v10i2.23522
Número
Sección
Ciencias y Tecnologías
Derechos de autor 2026 Alejandra Sarahí Ramírez Segovia, Laura Valdés Santiago, Beatriz Cordero Esquivel, Abelardo Campos Espinoza, Karla Sofía Patlan Rivera, Dulce Carolina Terrazas Montoya
Esta obra está bajo licencia internacional Creative Commons Reconocimiento 4.0.
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