Effects of Linear and Undulating Resistance Training Periodization on Executive Functions, Physical Adaptations, and Peripheral Muscle-Brain Axis Biomarkers in Young University Students: A Randomized Pilot Trial

Resumen

The potential contribution of resistance training to cognitive and systemic health has received increasing attention; however, less is known about whether different periodization models can be feasibly implemented in university settings while producing preliminary signals in executive functions, physical adaptations, and peripheral biomarkers related to the muscle-brain axis. This pilot randomized controlled trial examined the feasibility, safety, acceptability, and preliminary effects of 12 weeks of linear and undulating resistance training periodization compared with an active control condition in young university students. Sixty participants were randomized in a 1:1:1 ratio to linear periodization, undulating periodization, or active control. The primary outcome was feasibility, assessed through retention, adherence, data completeness, fidelity, acceptability, and adverse events. Secondary outcomes included inhibitory control, working memory, cognitive flexibility, estimated maximal strength, handgrip strength, countermovement jump, muscle mass, and body fat. Exploratory outcomes included peripheral BDNF, cathepsin B, IGF-1, IL-6, and C-reactive protein. Analyses included descriptive statistics, linear mixed models, ANCOVA sensitivity models, complete-case and per-protocol comparisons, Hedges’ g, and exploratory association analyses. Posttest retention was 95.0%, data completeness was 95.0%, per-protocol inclusion was 90.0%, and no serious adverse events were observed. Adherence was high across groups, and acceptability was favorable, although lower in the active control group. Significant group-by-time signals were observed for executive function outcomes, physical performance, body composition, and peripheral biomarkers, with larger preliminary changes in the resistance training groups than in the active control condition. The findings support the feasibility and preliminary analytical stability of a university-based periodized resistance training protocol. Nevertheless, biomarker findings should be interpreted as peripheral exploration signals rather than direct evidence of central neuroplasticity. A fully powered preregistered trial is warranted to confirm efficacy and clarify mechanisms.